Pheno-genetic studies of apple varieties in northern Pakistan: A hidden pool of diversity

Apple (Malus × domestica) is a main fruit crop of cold temperate regions and traded globally. Despite being comparatively well documented plant cultigen, available germplasm in many remote still unexplored threatened. Increasing market demands for modern cultivars farmers’ preference high yields may lead to the gradual loss indigenous varieties. Gilgit-Baltistan northern Pakistan – mountainous apple growing region was selected study local cultigen diversity by assessing varietal richness diversity, arboriculture activities as phenotypic genotypic characters germplasm. In total, 106 individual trees were sampled, 35 tree owners from seven villages two valleys Ishkoman Baltistan interviewed. Dendrometric parameters, traits (qualitative quantitative), each village measured. Genetic variation estimated using eleven SSR markers synonyms homonyms identified based on cluster analysis. Sixty-one multi-locus genotypes (MLG; mean genotype diversity: 58 %) 18 putative clones (comprising 2 9 ramets) identified. Varietal highest where even wild relative baccata) discovered. Mean genetic moderate (He = 0.677), while negative inbreeding coefficients indicated excess heterozygotes three clusters. A correlation (r 0.627, p 0.001) between dendrograms suggested genetically linked traits, which merits further exploration. Considering variability, appears promising source future breeding programs. The promotion varieties allow farmers diversify their produce derived sources income maintain historically important bio-cultural heritage Gilgit-Baltistan. To this end, comprehensive conservation strategies combined with participatory research will be needed.